Dor neuropática: sentimentos e vivências de pacientes após lesões traumáticas / Neuropathic pain: feelings and experiences of patients after traumatic injuries / Dolor neuropático: sentimientos y experiencias de pacientes después lesiones traumáticas

Objetivo: Compreender o cotidiano de portadores de dor neuropática decorrente de lesão traumática. Metodologia: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, com participantes selecionados por meio de mídias sociais. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre o período de julho a setembro de 2022, com indivíduos adultos que possuem diagnóstico de dor neuropática após lesão traumática. A coleta ocorreu por meio de um formulário online, utilizando um questionário sociodemográfico e um questionário aberto, para a captura de informações pertinentes sobre seu caso clínico e vivência com a dor crônica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de Bardin. Todos os preceitos éticos foram respeitados e o projeto foi aprovado sob parecer n.º 5.529.581 da Universidade Cesumar. Resultados: Participaram 15 pessoas com dor neuropática, com prevalência do sexo feminino (93,3%), com idade entre 41 a 50 anos (66,7%). Observou-se que 53,3% relataram comorbidades crônicas, sendo as doenças psíquicas, ansiolíticas e cardíacas mais citadas. Ainda, 33,3% dos participantes relataram que foram internados por causas de dores ou por tentativa de suicídio, 93,3% usam opióides e analgésicos potentes e ainda foram citados antidepressivos e ansiolíticos em 62% das respostas. Dentre os temas em destaque nas respostas, sobressaíram-se "Contexto e diagnóstico da dor neuropática; Vivência e frequência da dor; Apoio profissional e familiar diante da doença". Considerações Finais: Nesse sentido, a percepção acerca dos profissionais de saúde e valorização do médico para o tratamento da dor neuropática está relacionada, muitas vezes, à necessidade de aumentar o conhecimento referente ao manejo da dor e à utilização de opióides.

Objective: To understand the daily life of patients with neuropathic pain resulting from traumatic injury. Methodology: Exploratory, descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, with participants selected through social media. Data collection was carried out between July and September 2022, with adult individuals diagnosed with neuropathic pain after traumatic injury. The collection took place through an online form, using a sociodemographic questionnaire and an open questionnaire, to capture relevant information about their clinical case and experience with chronic pain. Data were analyzed using Bardin. All ethical precepts were respected and the project was approved by report n.º 5,529,581 of Cesumar University. Results: 15 people with neuropathic pain participated, with a prevalence of females (93.3%), aged between 41 and 50 years (66.7%). It was observed that 53.3% reported chronic comorbidities, with psychic, anxiolytic and cardiac diseases being the most cited. Also, 33.3% of the participants reported that they were hospitalized due to pain or a suicide attempt, 93.3% used opioids and potent analgesics, and antidepressants and anxiolytics were mentioned in 62% of the answers. Among the topics highlighted in the responses, the most important were "Context and diagnosis of neuropathic pain; Experience and frequency of pain; Professional and family support in the face of the disease". Final Considerations: In this sense, the perception of health professionals and the appreciation of physicians for the treatment of neuropathic pain is often related to the need to increase knowledge regarding pain management and the use of opioids.

Objetivo: Comprender el cotidiano de los pacientes con dolor neuropático resultante de lesiones traumáticas. Metodología: Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo, con participantes seleccionados a través de las redes sociales. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo entre julio y septiembre de 2022, con individuos adultos diagnosticados con dolor neuropático posterior a una lesión traumática. La recogida se realizó a través de un formulario online, utilizando un cuestionario sociodemográfico y un cuestionario abierto, para captar información relevante sobre su caso clínico y experiencia con el dolor crónico. Los datos se analizaron utilizando Bardin. Se respetaron todos los preceptos éticos y el proyecto fue aprobado bajo el dictamen número 5.529.581 de la Universidad Cesumar. Resultados: Participaron 15 personas con dolor neuropático, con predominio del sexo femenino (93,3%), con edades entre 41 y 50 años (66,7%). Se observó que 53,3% relataron comorbilidades crónicas, siendo las enfermedades psíquicas, ansiolíticas y cardíacas las más citadas. Aún así, el 33,3% de los participantes informaron que fueron hospitalizados por dolor o intento de suicidio, el 93,3% usaba opioides y analgésicos potentes, y los antidepresivos y ansiolíticos se mencionaron en el 62% de las respuestas. Entre los temas destacados en las respuestas, los más importantes fueron "Contexto y diagnóstico del dolor neuropático; Experiencia y frecuencia del dolor; Apoyo profesional y familiar ante la enfermedad". Consideraciones Finales: En este sentido, la percepción de los profesionales de la salud y la apreciación de los médicos por el tratamiento del dolor neuropático muchas veces se relaciona con la necesidad de aumentar el conocimiento sobre el manejo del dolor y el uso de opioides.

Factores asociados al desarrollo de secuelas por trauma craneoencefálico en menores de 15 años: un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en un hospital de Medellín, Colombia. 2010-2014

Introducción: el trauma craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad infantil en Colombia, sus secuelas impactan gravemente la calidad de vida de los pacientes y la evidencia científica actual de los factores asociados al trauma es escasa. Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados al desarrollo de secuelas por trauma craneoencefálico en menores de 15 años que consultaron a un hospital de Medellín entre 2010 y 2014. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 812 pacientes en un periodo de 5 años, de los cuales 294 no cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y se estimó la incidencia de secuelas con el método estadístico de Wilson. El riesgo relativo se calculó mediante regresión log-binomial. Resultados: en total se analizaron 518 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 5 años, el 64,3 % eran hombres, el 75,4 % de los participantes tenía un trauma leve y el 5 % un trauma grave. Las caídas fueron la principal causa (64,2 %), seguidas de los accidentes de tránsito (25,3 %). La incidencia de secuelas fue del 7.3 % (IC: 5,4 % - 9,9 %). Conclusiones: la carga de enfermedad en el paciente posterior a TCE representa un problema de salud pública. La probabilidad de desarrollar una secuela en este estudio fue del 7,3 %, la cual se relaciona con los siguientes factores que se identifican en el servicio de urgencias: lesión difusa, una escala de Glasgow al ingreso moderada o grave y sufrir un accidente de tránsito.

Background: traumatic brain injury is one of the main causes of infant morbidity and mortality. The sequelae after trauma seriously impact the quality of life of patients and the scientific evidence of associated factors is scarce. Objective: to analyze the factors associated with the development of sequelae due to head trauma in children under 15 years old who went to the emergency room of a hospital in Medellín between 2010 and 2014. Materials and methods: retrospective cohort study. 812 patients were included in a period of 5 years, of which 294 did not meet the inclusion criteria. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were evaluated and the incidence of sequelae was estimated with 95 % confidence intervals using the Wilson statistical method. The relative risk was calculated using log-binomial regression. Results: a total of 518 patients were analyzed. The median age was 5 years, 64,23 % were male children, 75,4 % had mild trauma, and 5 % suffered severe trauma. Falls were the main cause (64,2 %), followed by traffic accidents (25,3 %). The incidence of sequelae was 7,3 % (CI: 5,4% - 9,9 %). Conclusions: the burden of disease in the patient after TCE represents a public health problem. The probability of developing a sequel in this study was 7,3 %, which is related to the following factors that identify in the emergency department: diffuse injury, a moderate or severe Glasgow scale on admission, and suffering a traffic accident.

Multidimensional Frailty and Traumatic Brain Injury among Older Adults: A Literature Review / Fragilidad multidimensional y lesión cerebral traumática en adultos mayores: Una revisión de la literature / Fragilidade multidimensional e traumatismo cranioencefálico em idosos: uma revisão da literatura

Background. Numerous health conditions in the older adult population can be attributed to falls, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), which can lead to devastating short and long-term sequelae. Older adults are also more likely to experience frailty, which encompasses physical, psychological, and social deficits that may lead to adverse health outcomes. Our literature review synthesizes current evidence for understanding frailty in the context of TBI among older adults using the Integral Model of Frailty as a framework. Content synthesis. A total of 32 articles were identified, and 9 articles were included. The results of this review indicate that outcomes resulting from TBI are closely linked to the physical, psychological, and social domains of frailty. Conclusions. A small amount of literature currently examines frailty in the context of TBI among older adults. Using the Integral Model of Frailty to Invest Educ Enferm. 2023; 41(2): e02Multidimensional Frailty and Traumatic Brain Injury among Older Adults:A Literature Reviewunderstand frailty in the context of TBI can help clinicians anticipate patient outcomes and improve care plans. We emphasize the need for a greater understanding of TBI concerning frailty to improve health outcomes among older adult patients.

Antecedentes. Numerosos trastornos de salud en la población de adultos mayores pueden atribuirse a las caídas, incluida la lesión cerebral traumática (LCT), que puede provocar secuelas devastadoras a corto y largo plazo. Los adultos mayores también son más propensos a experimentar fragilidad, que abarca déficits físicos, psicológicos y sociales que pueden conducir a resultados adversos para la salud. Nuestra revisión de la literatura sintetiza la evidencia actual para la comprensión de la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT entre los adultos mayores utilizando el Modelo Integral de Fragilidad como marco. Síntesis del contenido. Un total de 32 artículos fueron identificados, y 9 artículos fueron incluidos. Los hallazgos de esta revisión indican que los resultados de la LCT están estrechamente relacionados con los dominios físico, psicológico y social de la fragilidad. Conclusión. Una pequeña cantidad de literatura examina actualmente la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT entre los adultos mayores. Usar el Modelo Integral de Fragilidad para entender la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT puede ayudar a los clínicos a anticipar los resultados de los pacientes y mejorar los planes de cuidados. Enfatizamos la necesidad de una mayor comprensión de la LCT en relación con la fragilidad para mejorar los resultados de salud entre los pacientes adultos mayores.

Antecedentes. Numerosos distúrbios de saúde na população idosa podem ser atribuídos a quedas, incluindo traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE), que pode causar sequelas devastadoras a curto e longo prazo. Os idosos também são mais propensos a experimentar fragilidade, que engloba déficits físicos, psicológicos e sociais que podem levar a resultados adversos à saúde. Nossa revisão da literatura sintetiza as evidências atuais para entender a fragilidade no contexto do TCE entre idosos usando o Modelo Abrangente de Fragilidade como estrutura. Síntese de conteúdo. Um total de 32 artigos foram identificados e 9 artigos foram incluídos. As descobertas desta revisão indicam que os resultados do TCE estão intimamente relacionados aos domínios físico, psicológico e social da fragilidade. Conclusão.Um pequeno corpo de literatura atualmente examina a fragilidade no contexto do TCE entre adultos mais velhos. Usar o Modelo Abrangente de Fragilidade para entender a fragilidade no contexto do TCE pode ajudar os médicos a antecipar os resultados do paciente e melhorar os planos de tratamento. Enfatizamos a necessidade de uma maior compreensão do TCE em relação à fragilidade para melhorar os resultados de saúde entre pacientes idosos

The use of noninvasive measurements of intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: a narrative review / Avaliação não invasiva da pressão intracraniana em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico: uma revisão narrativa

Abstract Background The most frequent cause of death in neurosurgical patients is due to the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP); consequently, adequate monitoring of this parameter is extremely important. Objectives In this study, we aimed to analyze the accuracy of noninvasive measurement methods for intracranial hypertension (IH) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods The data were obtained from the PubMed database, using the following terms: intracranial pressure, noninvasive, monitoring, assessment, and measurement. The selected articles date from 1980 to 2021, all of which were observational studies or clinical trials, in English and specifying ICP measurement in TBI. At the end of the selection, 21 articles were included in this review. Results The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), pupillometry, transcranial doppler (TCD), multimodal combination, brain compliance using ICP waveform (ICPW), HeadSense, and Visual flash evoked pressure (FVEP) were analyzed. Pupillometry was not found to correlate with ICP, while HeadSense monitor and the FVEP method appear to have good correlation, but sensitivity and specificity data are not available. The ONSD and TCD methods showed good-to-moderate accuracy on invasive ICP values and potential to detect IH in most studies. Furthermore, multimodal combination may reduce the error possibility related to each technique. Finally, ICPW showed good accuracy to ICP values, but this analysis included TBI and non-TBI patients in the same sample. Conclusions Noninvasive ICP monitoring methods may be used in the near future to guide TBI patients' management.

Resumo Antecedentes A causa mais frequente de morte em pacientes neurocirúrgicos é devido ao aumento da pressão intracraniana (PIC); consequentemente, o monitoramento adequado desse parâmetro é de extrema importância. Objetivos Avaliar na literatura científica os principais métodos não invasivos de medida da PIC em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE). Métodos Os dados foram obtidos na base de dados PubMed, utilizando os seguintes termos: pressão intracraniana, não invasivo, monitoramento, avaliação e medida, resultando em 147 artigos. Os artigos selecionados datam de 1980 a 2021, sendo todos estudos observacionais ou ensaios clínicos, em inglês e especificando a medida da pressão intracraniana em traumatismo cranioencefálico. Ao final da seleção, 21 artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados Foram analisados os seguintes métodos: diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (ONSD), pupilometria, doppler transcraniano (TCD), combinação multimodal, complacência cerebral por meio da análise de ondas intracerebrais (ICPW), HeadSense e visual evocado por flashes de luz (FVEP). A pupilometria não se correlacionou com os valores de PIC, enquanto que o monitor HeadSense e o método FVEP parecem ter uma boa correlação, mas os dados de sensibilidade e especificidade desses métodos não estão disponíveis. Os métodos ONSD e TCD mostraram acurácia de boa a moderada quanto aos valores de IPCi, além de bom potencial para detectar hipertensão intracraniana. Ademais, a combinação multimodal pode reduzir a possibilidade de erro relacionado a cada técnica. Por fim, o ICPW apresentou boa acurácia quanto aos valores de ICPi, mas, no estudo analisado, foram incluídos pacientes com e sem TCE em uma mesma amostra. Conclusões Métodos não invasivos de medição da PIC podem atuar no futuro no manejo de pacientes com TCE como uma potencial ferramenta de triagem para TCE grave e para a detecção de hipertensão intracraniana.

Seguimiento a largo plazo de pacientes traqueostomizados post injuria cerebral adquirida grave / Long-term follow-up of tracheostomized patients post severe acquired brain injury

Resumen Introducción: Alrededor del 50% de los pacientes hos pitalizados por injuria cerebral adquirida grave requie ren traqueostomía y cuidados a largo plazo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir la evolución de enfermos con injuria cerebral adquirida grave (ICAg) traqueostomizados que ingresaron a rehabilitación. Se cundariamente se estudió el fracaso de la decanulación y la supervivencia a los 12 meses del alta. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo observacional prospec tivo de centro único. Se incorporó al estudio, de forma prospectiva y consecutiva, usuarios mayores de 18 años, traqueostomizados posterior a ICAg ingresados a un cen tro de rehabilitación entre abril de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron para el análisis 50 pacien tes. La estancia en el centro fue de 203 (RIQ 93-320) días. Al alta de la institución, 32 (64%) pacientes pudieron ser decanulados exitosamente. El tiempo transcurrido desde el ingreso al centro hasta la decanulación fue de 49 (12-172) días. No se observó fracaso de la decanula ción. La mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue de 32%, cinco (16%) de los 32 pacientes que pudieron ser decanulados y 11 (61%) de los 18 que no lograron la decanulación fallecieron dentro de los 12 meses de seguimiento. La relación entre la decanulación y la mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento resultó esta dísticamente significativa (p = 0.002). Discusión: La supervivencia global fue relativamente elevada, el proceso de decanulación resulta relevante ya que puede tener impacto en la supervivencia a largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: About 50% of patients hospitalized for severe acquired brain injury require tracheostomy, and many of them need long-term care. The main objective of this study was to describe the evolution of patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI) tracheotomized who entered rehabilitation. Secondarily, mortality re lated to the success or failure of decannulation and survival at 12 months of discharge were studied. Methods: A single-center prospective observational quantitative study. Users over 18 years of age were recruited prospectively and consecutively, tracheosto mized after sABI, and admitted to a rehabilitation center between April 2018 and March 2020. Results: Fifty patients were included for analysis. The stay in the center was 203 (RIQ 93-320) days. At discharge to the institution, 32 (64%) patients managed to be successfully decannulated. The median number of days from admission to the center to decannulation was 49 (12-172). No decannulation failure was observed. Mortality at 12 months follow-up was 32%, five (16%) of the 32 patients who managed to be decannulated, and 11 (61%) of 18 who failed to achieve decannulation died within 12 months of follow-up. The relationship between decannulation success and mortality at 12 months of follow-up was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Discussion: Addressing the decannulation process early and properly guided is relevant as it may impact long-term survival.

Brain glucose metabolism and gray matter volume in retired professional soccer players: a cross-sectional [18F]FDG-PET/MRI study / Metabolismo glicolítico cerebral e volume de substância cinzenta em jogadores de futebol profissionais aposentados: um estudo transversal de [18F]FDG-PET/RM

Abstract Background Professional soccer athletes are exposed to repetitive head impacts and are at risk of developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Objective To evaluate regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) and gray matter (GM) volume in retired soccer players (RSPs). Methods Male RSPs and age and sex-matched controls prospectively enrolled between 2017 and 2019 underwent neurological and neuropsychological evaluations, brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET in a 3.0-Tesla PET/MRI scanner. Visual analysis was performed by a blinded neuroradiologist and a blinded nuclear physician. Regional brain glucose metabolism and GM volume were assessed using SPM8 software. Groups were compared using appropriate statistical tests available at SPM8 and R. Results Nineteen RSPs (median [IQR]: 62 [50-64.5] years old) and 20 controls (60 [48-73] years old) were included. Retired soccer players performed worse on mini-mental state examination, digit span, clock drawing, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tests, and had reduced rBGM in the left temporal pole (pFDR = 0.008) and the anterior left middle temporal gyrus (pFDR = 0.043). Semantic verbal fluency correlated with rBGM in the right hippocampus, left temporal pole, and posterior left middle temporal gyrus (p ≤ 0.042). Cray matter volume reduction was observed in similar anatomic regions but was less extensive and did not survive correction for multiple comparisons (pFDR ≥ 0.085). Individual [18F]FDG-PET visual analysis revealed seven RSPs with overt hypometabolism in the medial and lateral temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and temporoparietal regions. Retired soccer players had a higher prevalence of septum pellucidum abnormalities on MRI. Conclusion Retired soccer players had reduced rBCM and CM volume in the temporal lobes and septum pellucidum abnormalities, findings possibly related to repetitive head impacts.

Resumo Antecedentes Jogadores profissionais de futebol estão expostos a impactos cranianos repetitivos e ao risco de desenvolver encefalopatia traumática crônica. Objetivo Avaliar o metabolismo glicolítico cerebral regional (MCCr) e o volume de substância cinzenta (vSC) em jogadores de futebol aposentados (JFAs). Métodos Jogadores de futebol aposentados masculinos e controles pareados por idade e sexo foram incluídos prospectivamente entre 2017 e 2019. Foram realizadas avaliações neurológica e neuropsicológica, ressonância magnética (RM) e [18F]FDG-PET cerebrais (3.0-Tesla PET/RM). As imagens foram analisadas visualmente por um neurorradiologista e um médico nuclear cegos ao grupo de cada participante. O metabolismo glicolítico cerebral regional e o vSC foram avaliados através do programa SPM8. Os grupos foram comparados através de testes estatísticos apropriados disponíveis em SPM8 e R, de acordo com a distribuição e o tipo dos dados. Resultados Dezenove JFAs (mediana [IIQ]: 62 [50-64.5] anos) e 20 controles (60 [48-73] anos) foram incluídos. Os JFAs tiveram pior desempenho no mini-exame do estado mental e nos testes de dígitos, desenho do relógio, fluência verbal e fluência semântica e apresentaram MCCr significativamente reduzido no polo temporal e no giro temporal médio anterior esquerdos. Fluência semântica (animais) apresentou correlação positiva com MCCr no hipocampo direito, no polo temporal esquerdo e no aspecto posterior do giro temporal médio esquerdo. Menor vSC foi observado nas mesmas regiões, porém este achado não sobreviveu à correção para comparações múltiplas. Análise individual do [18F]FDG-PET cerebral revelou sete JFAs com claro hipometabolismo nas faces medial e lateral dos lobos temporais, nos lobos frontais e nas regiões temporoparietais. Os JFAs apresentaram ainda maior prevalência de anormalidades do septo pelúcido. Conclusão Os JFAs apresentam MCCr e vSC reduzidos nos lobos temporais, além de anormalidades do septo pelúcido, achados possivelmente relacionados a impactos cranianos repetitivos.

Glasgow coma scale pupil score (GCS-P) and the hospital mortality in severe traumatic brain injury: analysis of 1,066 Brazilian patients / Escala de coma de Glasgow com resposta pupilar (ECC-P) e mortalidade hospitalar em traumatismo cranioencefálico grave: análise de 1.066 pacientes brasileiros

Abstract Background Pupil reactivity and the Glasgow Coma Scale (CCS) score are the most clinically relevant information to predict the survival of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Objective We evaluated the accuracy of the CCS-Pupil score (CCS-P) as a prognostic index to predict hospital mortality in Brazilian patients with severe TBI and compare it with a model combining CCS and pupil response with additional clinical and radiological prognostic factors. Methods Data from 1,066 patients with severe TBI from 5 prospective studies were analyzed. We determined the association between hospital mortality and the combination of CCS, pupil reactivity, age, glucose levels, cranial computed tomography (CT), or the CCS-P score by multivariate binary logistic regression. Results Eighty-five percent (n = 908) of patients were men. The mean age was 35 years old, and the overall hospital mortality was 32.8%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.73 (0.70-0.77) for the model using the CCS-P score and 0.80 (0.77-0.83) for the model including clinical and radiological variables. The CCS-P score showed similar accuracy in predicting the mortality reported for the patients with severe TBI derived from the International Mission for Prognosis and Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT) and the Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head Injury (CRASH) studies. Conclusion Our results support the external validation of the CCS-P to predict hospital mortality following a severe TBI. The predictive value of the CCS-P for long-term mortality, functional, and neuropsychiatric outcomes in Brazilian patients with mild, moderate, and severe TBI deserves further investigation.

Resumo Antecedentes A reatividade pupilar e o escore da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECC) representam as informações clínicas mais relevantes para predizer a sobrevivência de pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE). Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia da ECC com resposta pupilar (ECC-P) como índice prognóstico para predizer mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes brasileiros acometidos por TCE grave e compará-lo com um modelo combinando ECC e resposta pupilar com fatores prognósticos radiológicos. Métodos Foram analisados dados de 1.066 pacientes com TCE grave de 5 estudos prospectivos. Foi determinada a associação entre mortalidade hospitalar e a combinação de ECC, reatividade pupilar, idade, níveis glicêmicos, tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio ou o escore ECC-P por regressão logística binária multivariada. Resultados Oitenta e cinco por cento (n = 908) dos pacientes eram homens. A média de idade foi de 35 anos e a mortalidade hospitalar geral foi de 32,8%. A AUROC (em português, Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor) foi de 0,73 (0,70-0,77) para o modelo utilizando o escore ECC-P e de 0,80 (0,77-0,83) para o modelo incluindo variáveis clínicas e radiológicas. O escore ECC-P mostrou acurácia semelhante na previsão da mortalidade relatada para pacientes com TCE grave derivados dos estudos International Mission for Prognosis and Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT, na sigla em inglês) e Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head Injury (CRASH, na sigla em inglês). Conclusão Nossos resultados apoiam a validação externa da ECC-P para prever a mortalidade hospitalar após um TCE grave. O valor preditivo da ECC-P para mortalidade a longo prazo, resultados funcionais e neuropsiquiátricos em pacientes brasileiros com TCE leve, moderado e grave precisam ser investigados.

Producción científica sobre traumatismo craneoencefálico en revistas estudiantiles cubanas. Enero de 2015-junio de 2021

Introducción: los traumatismos craneoencefálicos son un reto para los servicios de salud. Recibir desde pregrado una formación en su atención constituye una necesidad. Objetivo: caracterizar la producción científica sobre traumatismo craneoencefálico, publicada en revistas estudiantiles cubanas entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2021. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio bibliométrico, descriptivo y retrospectivo. El universo estuvo constituido por nueve artículos, de los que se analizó tipología, año de publicación, cantidad de autores, provincia y centro de procedencia de los mismos, cantidad de referencias, cantidad de artículos por revista y número de veces citados. Resultados: el 77,8 % de los artículos fueron originales, y 2020 fue el año más productivo (55,6 %). El 44,4 % de los artículos fue firmado por cinco autores; el 32,4 % de los autores pertenecían a la provincia de Pinar del Río. La media de referencias por artículos fue de 19,9; el Índice de Price se encontró entre 0,45 y 0,82, con una media de 0,75. El 55,6 % de las publicaciones aparecieron en la revista Universidad Médica Pinareña, cuyos artículos también fueron los más citados (85 %). Conclusiones: la producción científica estudiantil sobre trauma craneoencefálico es baja, y la influencia y visibilidad de los artículos disponibles, atendiendo a la cantidad de citas, es pequeña.

Introduction: crania-encephalic traumas are a challenge for health services. Receiving training on their care since undergraduate studies is a necessity. Objective: to characterize the scientific production on crania-encephalic trauma published in Cuban student journals between January 2015 and June 2021. Materials and methods: a bibliometric, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out. The universe was constituted by 9 articles, of which typology, year of publication, quantity of authors, province and centers of origin, quantity of references; quantity of articles per journal and number of times cited were analyzed. Results: 77.8% of the articles were originals, and 2020 was the most productive year (55.6%). 44% of the articles were signed by five authors; 32.4% of the authors belonged to the province of Pinar del Rio. The average number of references per articles was 19.9; the Price Index was found between 0.45 and 0.85, with an average of 0.75. 55.6% of the publications appeared in the journal Universidad Médica Pinareña, the articles of which were also the most cited ones (85%). Conclusions: the student scientific production on crania-encephalic trauma is low, and the influence and visibility of the available articles, taking into account the quantity of cites, is small.

Relationship between platelet indices and red cell distribution width and short-term mortality in traumatic brain injury with 30-day mortality

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating whether there is a relationship between 7- or 30-day mortality and mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, platelet count-to-total lymphocyte count ratio, or red cell distribution width in patients with traumatic brain injury. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed intensive care unit patients with traumatic brain injury. We recorded patients' ages; genders; diagnoses; Glasgow Coma Scale scores; length of intensive care unit stay (in days); mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, platelet count-to-total lymphocyte count ratio, and red cell distribution width values upon hospital admission; and health on the 7th and 30th days of their stays. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 110 patients. Of these, 84 (76.4%) were male and 26 (23.6%) were female. On the 7- and 30-day mortality evaluations, compared to the living patients, the deceased patients had a significantly higher median age and a significantly lower median Glasgow Coma Scale. Thus, increased age and lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores were associated with increased 7- and 30-day mortality rates. mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width values were similar in living and deceased patients. platelet count-to-total lymphocyte count ratio values were lower in deceased patients, but this difference was not statistically significant. Within 30 days after traumatic brain injury, deceased patients' red cell distribution width values were significantly elevated in deceased patients compared to those of living patients. CONCLUSION: Mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and platelet count-to-total lymphocyte count ratio values were not associated with 7- and 30-day mortality, whereas only elevated red cell distribution width was associated with 30-day mortality.

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre factores de riesgo en niños con parálisis cerebral / Design and Validation of a Questionnaire about Risk Factors in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objetivo. Diseñar y validar, en su apariencia, un cuestionario para recolectar información sobre factores de riesgo en niños con parálisis cerebral. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo, metodológico, que incluyó una fase de diseño y otra de validación facial de un cuestionario. Esta última se llevó a cabo a través de la participación de 43 madres y 10 profesionales del área de la salud. Resultados. De acuerdo con el modelo teórico de Rutter alrededor de los factores de riesgo, se diseñó un cuestionario que permite recolectar información sobre condiciones pre y perinatales, que puede ser utilizado como parte de la documentación de la historia clínica de los niños con parálisis cerebral. Se realizó la validación facial del instrumento, cuyos resultados sugirieron la aceptación de 17 ítems y la reformulación de 12, equivalentes al 41,4% de la totalidad de preguntas del Cuestionario FR-PC. Limitaciones. El tamaño de la muestra pudo ser superior. De igual forma, no se encontró suficiente literatura que permitiera contrastar los resultados del estudio con otros similares. Valor. El producto de esta investigación es el Cuestionario FR-PC, herramienta que facilita la organización y la integración de los datos de la historia clínica del niño con PC, para la toma de decisiones. Así mismo, su contenido puede ser considerado para el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación en salud. Conclusiones. El Cuestionario FR-PC es una herramienta clara y comprensible para recolectar información sobre factores de riesgo en niños con parálisis cerebral

Objective. To design and validate, in its appearance, a questionnaire to collect in-formation on risk factors in children with cerebral palsy. Methodology. Descriptive, methodological study, which included a design phase and a phase of facial validation of a questionnaire. The latter was carried out through the participation of 43 mothers and 10 health professionals. Results. According to Rutter's theoretical model around risk factors, a question-naire was designed to collect information on pre- and perinatal conditions, which can be used as part of the documentation of the clinical history of children with cerebral palsy and for research processes. The facial validation of the instrument was carried out, whose results suggested the acceptance of 17 items and the reformulation of 12, equivalent to 41.4% of the totality of questions of the FR-PC Questionnaire. Limitations. Sample size could have been bigger. In addition, not enough literature was found to allow us to compare our results with other studies. Value. The product of this research is the RF-PC Questionnaire, a tool that facilitates the organization and integration of data from the clinical history of children with CP, for decision making. Conclusions. The FR-PC Questionnaire is a clear and understandable tool to collect information on risk factors in children with cerebral palsy.

Astragaloside IV alleviates stroke-triggered early brain injury by modulating neuroinflammation and ferroptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Purpose: Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is an active ingredient extracted from Astragalus membranaceus with an established therapeutic effect on central nervous system diseases. This study examined the neuroprotective properties and possible mechanisms of AS-IV in stroke-triggered early brain injury (EBI) in a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Methods: The neurological scores and brain water content were analyzed. 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was utilized to determine the infarct volume, neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, and ferroptosis-related genes and proteins, and neuronal damage and molecular mechanisms were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nickend labeling (TUNEL) staining, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: AS-IV administration decreased the infarct volume, brain edema, neurological deficits, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and NF-κB, increased the levels of SLC7A11 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), decreased lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and prevented neuronal ferroptosis. Meanwhile, AS-IV triggered the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviated ferroptosis due to the induction of stroke. Conclusion: Hence, the findings of this research illustrate that AS-IV administration can improve delayed ischemic neurological deficits and decrease neuronal death by modulating nuroinflammation and ferroptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Alterações de linguagem em pacientes pós lesão encefálica adquirida na fase aguda / Language changes in patients after brain injury acquired in the acute phase

Caracterizar as alterações de linguagem encontradas em pacientes com lesão encefálica adquirida em fase aguda Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva do tipo transversal. A avaliação foi realizada nas enfermarias de um hospital de urgências, com pacientes de idade superior a 18 anos, diagnóstico de lesão encefálica adquirida e tempo de internação de até 60 dias. O protocolo utilizado incluiu avaliação das praxias orais, expressão, compreensão da linguagem oral e leitura. Ao final, foi possível apresentar as hipóteses diagnósticas de afasias fluentes e não fluentes, disartria e sem alteração de linguagem. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva através da distribuição de frequência absoluta e frequência relativa Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 24 pacientes sendo a maioria do gênero masculino, com média de idade de 51 anos. O diagnóstico de maior frequência foi Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Dos pacientes avaliados, 79% tiveram alterações de fala/linguagem. As hipóteses diagnósticas fonoaudiológicas encontradas foram: afasia global, afasia de broca, afasia transcortical mista, afasia de condução, afasia transcortical motora, afasia transcortical sensorial e disartria. Conclusão: A afasia global foi o transtorno de linguagem de maior ocorrência entre os indivíduos, bem como o gênero masculino e o acidente vascular cerebral. A avaliação da linguagem de pacientes com lesões encefálicas adquiridas na fase aguda é pertinente, pois promove o levantamento de alterações desde as perceptíveis até as mais discretas

To characterize the language disorders found in patients with brain injury acquired in the acute phase Methods: This is an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. The evaluation was carried out in the wards of an emergency hospital, with patients aged over 18 years, diagnosed with acquired brain injury and hospitalization time of up to 60 days. The protocol used included assessment of oral praxis, expression, comprehension of oral language and reading. In the end, it was possible to present the diagnostic hypotheses of fluent and non-fluent aphasias, dysarthria and without language alteration. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics through the distribution of absolute frequency and relative frequency. Results: The sample consisted of 24 patients, most of whom were male, with a mean age of 51 years. The most frequent diagnosis was Cerebral Vascular Accident. Of the evaluated patients, 79% had speech/language disorders. The speech-language diagnostic hypotheses found were: global aphasia, drill aphasia, mixed transcortical aphasia, conduction aphasia, motor transcortical aphasia, sensory transcortical aphasia and dysarthria. Conclusion: Global aphasia was the most frequent language disorder among individuals, as well as males and stroke. The evaluation of the language of patients with brain injuries acquired in the acute phase is relevant, as it promotes the survey of changes from the perceptible to the most discreet

Application of multimodal ultrasound in large craniotomy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: research progress / 中华创伤杂志

With the progression of primary and secondary brain injury, as well as the increase of the intracranial pressure, severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients, if not timely and effective treated, will lead to brain hernia or even central failure. Therefore, sTBI patients often require emergency surgical intervention, including large craniotomy or even decompression. However, postural changes, brain tissue pulling and loss of cerebrospinal fluid can cause "brain drift" in sTBI patients. Meanwhile, improper rapid decompression will result in brain tissue displacement or delayed hematoma, which makes the intracranial condition deviated from the preoperative image data, even leads to deterioration. The application of multimodal intraoperative ultrasound can simply, intuitively visualize the intracranial lesion, blood flow and microperfusion in a real-time manner, guiding the surgeon to preserve the normal brain tissue to the maximum extent and improving the prognosis of the patients with the appropriate operation plan. Over the last few decades, the application of multimodal ultrasound in large craniotomy in patients with sTBI was mainly to identify intracranial lesions while there were few studies on the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamic heterogeneity of sTBI. To this end, the authors reviewed the imaging characteristics of various examination techniques of multimodal ultrasound and the progress of its application in sTBI surgery, hoping to provide evidences for accurate intraoperative evaluation and adjustment of treatment plan.

Research progress of histone lactylation in immunomodulation after traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major reason for temporary or permanent dyskinesia and cognitive impairment of the organism. Generally, TBI induces subsequent neuroinflammation to assist cell debris removal and tissue repair and regeneration after injury. However, overactivation or long-term activation of immune cells will exacerbate nerve damage or death, cause cognitive dysfunction, and ultimately lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, secondary damage caused by persistent inflammation is a key component of TBI pathological process. As the main metabolite of anaerobic glycolysis, lactate is increased after TBI and participates in brain inflammation as an important immune regulatory molecule rather than a metabolic waste. Importantly, histone lysine lactylation as a novel type of histone post-translational modifications (HPTM) derived from lactate allows lactate to participate in the regulation of complex immunopathophysiological processes of the central nervous system after TBI. Further study on the process of histone lactylation and its immune regulation mechanism during TBI may provide new insights for early intervention and improvement of TBI prognosis. Thus, the authors reviewed the role of histone lactylation in the immune regulation of TBI, so as to further elucidate the mechanism of TBI and the explore new warning and prevention measures from the perspective of HPTM.

Mechanism of action of oxidative stress in severe traumatic brain injury and its complications: recent progress / 中华创伤杂志

Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is characterized by critical condition, high lethality and poor prognosis. Its development and progression will lead to the damage and death of a large number of nerve cells, eventually causing a series of serious complications. The current treatments of sTBI and its complications are not optimistic due to problems such as unclear mechanism of action, challenges in treatment, and lack of effective prevention strategies. In recent years, more research evidences have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of sTBI and its related complications. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the relationship of oxidative stress with sTBI and its complications and to understand the way of oxidative stress participating in the development and progression of sTBI. However, relevant researches are scattered and there lacks comprehensive and systematic summaries of oxidative stress participating in sTBI and its related complications. To this end, the authors reviewed the progress of the mechanism by which oxidative stress involves in sTBI and its complications, hoping to provide references for the research, treatment and prevention of sTBI.

Factors affecting postoperative short-term improvement of consciousness level in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after severe traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To investigate the factors affecting postoperative short-term improvement of consciousness level in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 55 patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after sTBI admitted to Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from September 2021 to September 2022. There were 33 males and 22 females, with the age range of 13-68 years [(43.0±15.5)years]. All patients were assessed for the consciousness level using the coma recovery scale-revision (CRS-R) preoperatively and within 48 hours postoperatively. A total of 33 patients were observed in vegetative state and 22 in minimally conscious state preoperatively. The consciousness level was found to be improved in 26 patients (consciousness- improved group), but not improved in the remaining 29 patients (consciousness-unimproved group). Indicators were documented including gender, age, cause of injury, Glasgow coma score (GCS) on admission, course of injury, preoperative consciousness level, operation mode, operation time, intraoperative fluid replenishment, intraoperative urine volume, intraoperative bleeding volume, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, analgesic regimen and sedation maintenance drugs. A univariate analysis was conducted first to assess those indicators′ correlation with postoperative short-term improvement of consciousness level in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after sTBI. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was then used to determine the independent risk factors for their postoperative short-term improvement of consciousness level.Results:Univariate analysis showed that GCS on admission, course of injury, preoperative consciousness level and analgesic regimen were correlated with short-term improvement of postoperative consciousness level in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after sTBI (all P<0.05), whereas gender, age, cause of injury, operation mode, operation time, intraoperative fluid replenishment, intraoperative urine volume, intraoperative bleeding volume, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and sedation maintenance drugs showed no relation to the improvement of postoperative consciousness level (all P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the GCS ≥7 points on admission ( OR=0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.36, P<0.01), preoperative minimally conscious state ( OR=0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.40, P<0.01) and intraoperative use of Sufentanil combined with Remifentanil ( OR=0.07, 95% CI 0.01, 0.43, P<0.01) were significantly correlated with postoperative improvement of consciousness level. Conclusion:The GCS on admission (≥7 points), preoperative minimally conscious state and intraoperative use of Sufentanil combined with Remifentanil are independent risk factors affecting short-term postoperative improvement of consciousness level in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after sTBI.

Analysis on risk factors for prognosis of traumatic brain injury in adults and establishment of the prediction model / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To analyze risk factors for prognosis of adult patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), construct the prognostic model of TBI and evaluate its predictive value.Methods:A case-control study was used to analyze the clinical data of 522 patients with TBI admitted to Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University from March 2011 to September 2019, including 438 males and 84 females; aged 18-75 years [(44.9±15.0)years]. According to the Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at discharge, the patients were divided into good prognosis group (GOS 4-5 points, n=165) and poor prognosis group (GOS 1-3 points, n=357). The two groups were compared with regards to qualitative data such as sex, underlying diseases, causes of injury, multiple injuries, open injuries, intracranial foreign bodies, cerebral herniation, consciousness status on admission and at discharge, surgery, lung infection on admission, tracheostomy, ventilator-assisted ventilation, hospital-acquired pneumonia/pathogenic bacteria and intracranial infection, and quantitative data such as Glasgow coma score (GCS) on admission and at discharge, age, measurements on admission [systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, temperature, heart rate, creatinine, urea nitrogen, blood sodium, blood potassium, blood glucose, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelets, international normalized ratio (INR), pupil size of both eyes] and length of hospital stay. Univariate analysis and Lasso regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors affecting the prognosis of TBI patients, and the selected influencing factors were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors and construct regression equations. R was used to draw a visual nomogram based on regression equation for predicting the prognosis of TBI patients. The prognostic predictive value of the nomogram was evaluated by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC), Youden index, sensitivity, specificity and consistency index (C index) were calculated. Results:Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in underlying diseases, open injuries, cerebral herniation, consciousness status on admission and at discharge, lung infection on admission, tracheostomy, ventilator-assisted ventilation, hospital-acquired pneumonia/pathogenic bacteria, GCS on admission and at discharge, age, and measurements on admission (systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, body temperature, heart rate, creatinine, urea nitrogen, blood potassium, blood glucose, PT, INR, pupil size of right eye) (all P<0.05 or 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, causes of injury, multiple injuries, intracranial foreign bodies, surgery, intracranial infection, measurements on admission (diastolic blood pressure, blood sodium, APTT, platelets, pupil size of left eye) and length of hospital stay (all P>0.05). After screening by Lasso regression model, the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that GCS on admission ( OR=0.67, 95% CI 0.62, 0.73, P<0.01), age ( OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.04, P<0.01), blood glucose on admission ( OR=1.17, 95% CI 1.06, 1.30, P<0.01) and INR on admission ( OR=17.08, 95% CI 2.12, 137.89, P<0.01) could be used as the main risk factors to construct the prediction model, and the regression equation was constructed: Logit [ P/(1- P)]=-0.398× "GCS on admission"+0.024× "age"+0.158×"blood glucose on admission"+2.838×"INR on admission"-1.693. The AUC for the prognosis prediction in adult patients with TBI using R based on a visual nomogram model was 0.87 (95% CI 0.83, 0.89, P<0.01). The Youden index for the predicted probability was 0.60 (sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 75.2%), with the C index of 0.87. Conclusion:Age, GCS on admission, blood glucose on admission and INR on admission are the main risk factors affecting the prognosis of TBI in adults, and the nomogram drawn by these parameters can better predict their clinical outcome.

Chinese expert consensus on clinical treatment of adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury complicated by corona virus disease 2019 (version 2023) / 中华创伤杂志

The condition of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) complicated by corona virus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is complex. sTBI can significantly increase the probability of COVID-19 developing into severe or critical stage, while COVID-19 can also increase the surgical risk of sTBI and the severity of postoperative lung lesions. There are many contradictions in the treatment process, which brings difficulties to the clinical treatment of such patients. Up to now, there are few clinical studies and therapeutic norms relevant to sTBI complicated by COVID-19. In order to standardize the clinical treatment of such patients, Critical Care Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Healthcare and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate the Chinese expert consensus on clinical treatment of adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury complicated by corona virus infection 2019 ( version 2023) based on the joint prevention and control mechanism scheme of the State Council and domestic and foreign literatures on sTBI and COVID-19 in the past 3 years of the international epidemic. Fifteen recommendations focused on emergency treatment, emergency surgery and comprehensive management were put forward to provide a guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of sTBI complicated by COVID-19.

Research progress in influencing factors and pathogenesis of dementia after traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognized as a risk factor for developing dementia. Currently, around 69 million people worldwide suffer from TBI each year, while the overall incidence of TBI among Chinese residents is on a rapid rise. Such a large population of TBI patients may lead to a future surge in the number of dementia patients, bringing heavy burdens on families and societies. However, it seems to be suggested by numerous studies that not all TBI patients are associated with an increased risk of dementia. Dementia can result in disability as well as interfere with caregivers ′ normal lives. Therefore, it will be significant to clarify the relationship between TBI and dementia as well as explain the process of onset and development of post-TBI dementia. In this study, the authors summarize post-TBI dementia from aspects of influencing factors and pathogenic mechanisms, so as to provide relevant references for related studies, therapy, and prophylaxis of post-TBI dementia.

Relationship between arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide and prognosis of neurological function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the relationship between arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide and neurological outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Methods:The clinical data of 116 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and Emergency Department of the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from January 2018 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the average arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide within 24 hours after admission, patients were divided into normal (35 mmHg ≤ PaCO 2 ≤ 55 mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa, n = 44), hypercapnia (PaCO 2 > 55 mmHg, n = 51), and hypocapnia (PaCO 2 < 35 mmHg, n = 21) groups. ICU stay, in-hospital mortality, and neurological outcome at discharge were compared among groups. A logistic regression analysis model was established. The relationship between PaCO 2 and neurological outcome was determined. Results:There were no significant differences in age, sex, cardiac arrest time, acute physiological and chronic health evaluation II score at admission, 1-hour mean arterial pressure, location of cardiac arrest, and initial heart rhythm among the three groups (all P > 0.05). ICU stay in the normal group [(7.23 ± 2.55) days] was significantly higher than that in the hypercapnia [(12.21 ± 4.12) days] and hypocapnia [(11.78 ± 4.72) days] groups ( t = 6.48, 4.59, both P < 0.01). In-hospital mortality in the normal group was 38.6% (17/44), which was significantly lower than 60.8% (31/51) in the hypercapnia group and 66.7% (14/21) in the hypocapnia group ( χ2 = 4.63, 4.47, both P < 0.05). The good neurological outcome rate in the normal group was 55.6% (15/44), which was significantly higher than 25.0% (5/51) in the hypercapnia group and 28.6% (2/21) in the hypocapnia group ( χ2 = 8.38, 5.14, both P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cardiac arrest time, 1-hour mean arterial pressure, acute physiological and chronic health evaluation II score, and PaCO 2 are important factors for neurological outcomes of resuscitated patients at discharge (all P < 0.01). Conclusion:Within 24 hours after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, maintaining a normal PaCO 2 level can help improve the neurological outcome of patients at discharge.